Anonanom488http://classic.particracy.net/viewtreat ... atyid=4638https://basicint.org/wp-content/uploads ... ration.pdfjrandle8http://classic.particracy.net/viewtreat ... atyid=4740https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/int ... 8/downloadjrandle8 wrote:The Government of Yindala Da Tong and the Government of Keymon (individually a “Party” and collectively “Parties”):
1. Desiring to enhance the bonds of friendship and spirit of cooperation between the two countries;
2. Desiring to promote further both countries’ international trade and economic interrelationship;
3. Recognizing the importance of fostering an open and predictable environment for international trade and investment;
4. Recognizing the benefits to each Party resulting from increased international trade and investment, and that trade-distorting investment measures and protectionist trade barriers would deprive the Parties of such benefits;
5. Taking into account the membership of the two countries in the World Congress (WC) and noting that this Agreement is without prejudice to each Party’s rights and obligations, where applicable, under the International Law and International Trade Law established by the WC and the agreements, understandings, and other instruments relating thereto or concluded under the auspices of the WC;
6. Recognizing the essential role of private investment, both domestic and foreign, in furthering growth, creating jobs, expanding trade, improving technology, and enhancing economic development;
7. Recognizing that foreign direct investment confers positive benefits on each Party;
8. Desiring to encourage and facilitate private sector contacts between the two countries;
9. Recognizing the desirability of resolving trade and investment problems as expeditiously as possible;
10. Recognizing the increased importance of services in their economies in their bilateral relations;
11. Taking into account the need to eliminate non-tariff barriers in order to facilitate greater access to the markets of both countries and the mutual benefits thereof;
12. Recognizing the importance of providing adequate and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights and of membership in and adherence to intellectual property rights conventions;
13. Recognizing the importance of providing adequate and effective protection and enforcement of worker rights in accordance with each nations’ own labor laws and of improving the observance of internationally recognized core labor standards;
14. Desiring to ensure that trade and environmental policies are mutually supportive in the furtherance of sustainable development;
15. Desiring that this Framework Agreement reinforce the multilateral trading system by strengthening joint efforts to complete successfully the agenda outlined in paragraph 13; and
16. Considering that it would be in their mutual interest to establish a bilateral mechanism between the Parties for encouraging the liberalization of trade and investment between them.
To this end, the Parties agree as follows:
ARTICLE ONE
The Parties affirm their desire to promote an attractive investment climate and expand trade in products and services consistent with the terms of this Agreement. They shall take appropriate measures to encourage and facilitate the exchange of goods and services and to secure favorable conditions for long-term development and diversification of trade between the two countries.
ARTICLE TWO
The Parties shall establish a Yingdala-Keymon Council on Trade and Investment (“the Council”), which shall be composed of representatives of both Parties. The Keymon side will be chaired by the Ministry of Trade and Industry, and the Yingdalan side will be chaired by the Yingdala Trade Commission (“YTC”). Both Parties may be assisted by officials of other government entities as circumstances require. The Council will meet at least once a year and at such times as agreed by the two Parties.
ARTICLE THREE
The objectives of the Council are as follows:
1. To monitor trade and investment relations, to identify opportunities for expanding trade and investment, and to identify issues relevant to trade or investment, such as intellectual property, labor, or environmental issues that may be appropriate for negotiation in an appropriate forum.
2. To hold consultations on specific trade and investment matters not arising under the Parties’ Bilateral Investment Agreement of interest to the Parties.
3. To identify and work toward the removal of impediments to trade and investment flows.
4. To seek the advice of the private sector, where appropriate, in their respective countries on matters related to the work of the Council.
ARTICLE FOUR
Either Party may raise for consultation any trade or investment matter not arising under the Parties’ Bilateral Investment Agreement between the Parties. Requests for consultation shall be accompanied by a written explanation of the subject to be discussed and consultations shall be held within 30 days of the request, unless the requesting Party agrees to a later date. Each Party shall endeavor to provide for an opportunity for consultations before taking actions that could adversely affect the trade or investment interests of the other Party.
ARTICLE FIVE
Upon this Agreement taking effect, Keymon agrees to allow all cultural products produced in Yingdala to flow freely beyond their borders and the territory in which they have sovereign over in accordance to the law of their nation, and international law; namely, products such as: movies and TV shows, manufactured jewelry and silverware, arts-related software publishing, sound recording, advertising, architectural and design services, book publishing, newspaper and periodical publishing, performance arts and independent artists, musical instruments, camera and motion picture equipment, and other manufactured goods.
ARTICLE SIX
With a 12-month period after this Agreement takes effect, the Parties will commit to providing grants for university students exchange programs, promoting further education through graduate programs, internships, practical experiences and training within universities, laboratories, and domestic institutions. The Parties agree to furthering research in science and education through affiliating and sponsoring local, regional, global, or joint research centers of both Parties, generating projects in common, exchanges of bibliographic-didactic material and research works.
This Agreement shall be without prejudice to the domestic law of either Party or the rights and obligations of either Party under any other agreement to which it is a party.
ARTICLE SEVEN
1. The Parties acknowledge that trade and economic structural changes resulting from this Agreement and from other actions being taken by Yingdala to open up its economy and improve its trade regime should lead to improved trade flows, including significant increases in exports of goods and services to Yingdala by Keymon and other countries.
2. The Parties believe that expanding trade is conducive to the improvement of their bilateral trade relationship, the optimal allocation of resources, economic restructuring, and sustainable economic development, given the high degree of complementarity in trade between them.
3. The Parties accordingly seek to work constructively and cooperatively toward an improved bilateral trade relationship and to explore appropriate steps to facilitate increased trade.
4. During the 25-year period from July 1, 4875 through June 31, 4900, Yingdala shall ensure that purchases and imports into Yingdala from Keymon of the manufactured goods and financial products exceed the baseline amount of no less than ¥200 billion INS ($9.44 billion LOD). Specifically, Yingdala shall ensure that:
(a) For the category of manufactured goods, no less than ¥32.9 billion INS ($1.553 billion LOD) above the baseline amount is purchased and imported into Yingdala from Keymon in calendar year 4875, increasing by ¥20 billion INS ($944 million LOD) per year until the baseline reaches ¥92.4 billion INS ($4.4 billion LOD) where it shall remain until this Agreement expires;
(b) For the category of financial products, no less than ¥100 billion INS ($.72 billion LOD) above the baseline amount is purchased and imported into Yingdala from Keymon in calendar year 4875, increasing by ¥12.5 billion INS ($590 million LOD) per year until the baseline reaches ¥107.6 billion INS ($5.08 billion LOD) where it shall remain until this Agreement expires.
5. The Parties shall specify the increases in purchases and imports for the subcategories as appropriate.
6. During the 25-year period from July 1, 4875 through June 31, 4900, Keymon shall ensure that purchases and imports into Keymon from Yingdala of the agricultural goods exceed the baseline amount of no less than ¥200 billion INS ($9.44 billion LOD). Specifically, Keymon shall ensure that:
(a) For the category of agricultural goods, no less than ¥75 billion INS ($3.54 billion LOD) above the baseline amount is purchased and imported into Keymon from Yingdala in calendar year 4875, increasing by ¥20 billion INS ($944 million LOD) per year until the baseline reaches ¥200 billion INS ($944 million LOD) where it shall remain until this Agreement expires;
7. The Parties shall specify the increases in purchases and imports for the subcategories as appropriate.
ARTICLE EIGHT
This Agreement shall enter into force on the date of signature by both Parties.
ARTICLE NINE
This Agreement shall remain in force unless terminated by mutual consent of the Parties or by either Party upon six months written notice to the other Party.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective governments, have signed this Agreement.
DONE at Tian’an, Han this July 4875.
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF YINDALA DA TONG and FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF KEYMON
Source wrote:The Government of the United States of America and the Government of Mongolia (individually a “Party” and collectively the “Parties”): 1. Desiring to enhance the bonds of friendship and spirit of cooperation between the two countries; 2. Desiring to promote further both countries’ international trade and economic interrelationship; 3. Recognizing the importance of fostering an open and predictable environment for international trade and investment; 4. Recognizing the benefits to each Party resulting from increased international trade and investment, and that trade-distorting investment measures and protectionist trade barriers would deprive the Parties of such benefits; 5. Taking into account the membership of the two countries in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and noting that this Agreement is without prejudice to each Party’s rights and obligations, where applicable, under the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO and the agreements, understandings, and other instruments relating thereto or concluded under the auspices of the WTO; 6. Recognizing the contribution of the Agreement on Trade Relations between the Government of the United States and the Government of Mongolia signed January 23, 1991 (the “Bilateral Trade Agreement”) and the Treaty Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment between the Government of the United States and the Government of Mongolia signed October 6, 1994 (the “Bilateral Investment Agreement”). 7. Recognizing the essential role of private investment, both domestic and foreign, in furthering growth, creating jobs, expanding trade, improving technology, and enhancing economic development; 8. Recognizing that foreign direct investment confers positive benefits on each Party; 9. Desiring to encourage and facilitate private sector contacts between the two countries; 10. Recognizing the desirability of resolving trade and investment problems as expeditiously as possible; 11. Recognizing the increased importance of services in their economies and in their bilateral 2 relations; 12. Taking into account the need to eliminate non-tariff barriers in order to facilitate greater access to the markets of both countries and the mutual benefits thereof; 13. Recognizing the importance of providing adequate and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights and of membership in and adherence to intellectual property rights conventions; 14. Reiterating the commitment reaffirmed in the Doha Declaration and recognizing the importance of providing adequate and effective protection and enforcement of worker rights in accordance with each nation’s own labor laws and of improving the observance of internationally recognized core labor standards; 15. Desiring to ensure that trade and environmental policies are mutually supportive in the furtherance of sustainable development; 16. Desiring that this Framework Agreement reinforce the multilateral trading system by strengthening joint efforts to complete successfully the Doha Development Agenda; and 17. Considering that it would be in their mutual interest to establish a bilateral mechanism between the Parties for encouraging the liberalization of trade and investment between them. To this end, the Parties agree as follows: ARTICLE ONE The Parties affirm their desire to promote an attractive investment climate and expand trade in products and services consistent with the terms of this Agreement. They shall take appropriate measures to encourage and facilitate the exchange of goods and services and to secure favorable conditions for long-term development and diversification of trade between the two countries. ARTICLE TWO The Parties shall establish a United States-Mongolia Council on Trade and Investment (“the Council”), which shall be composed of representatives of both Parties. The Mongolian side will be chaired by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and the U.S. side will be chaired by the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (“USTR”). Both Parties may be assisted by officials of other government entities as circumstances require. The Council will meet at least once a year and at such times as agreed by the two Parties. ARTICLE THREE The objectives of the Council are as follows: 3 1. To monitor trade and investment relations, to identify opportunities for expanding trade and investment, and to identify issues relevant to trade or investment, such as intellectual property, labor, or environmental issues that may be appropriate for negotiation in an appropriate forum. 2. To hold consultations on specific trade and investment matters not arising under the Parties’ Bilateral Investment Agreement of interest to the Parties. 3. To identify and work toward the removal of impediments to trade and investment flows. 4. To seek the advice of the private sector, where appropriate, in their respective countries on matters related to the work of the Council. ARTICLE FOUR Either Party may raise for consultation any trade or investment matter not arising under the Parties’ Bilateral Investment Agreement between the Parties. Requests for consultation shall be accompanied by a written explanation of the subject to be discussed and consultations shall be held within 30 days of the request, unless the requesting Party agrees to a later date. Each Party shall endeavor to provide for an opportunity for consultations before taking actions that could affect adversely the trade or investment interests of the other Party. ARTICLE FIVE This Agreement shall be without prejudice to the domestic law of either Party or the rights and obligations of either Party under any other agreement to which it is a party. ARTICLE SIX This Agreement shall enter into force on the date of signature by both Parties. ARTICLE SEVEN This Agreement shall remain in force unless terminated by mutual consent of the Parties or by either Party upon six months written notice to the other Party.
Wu Hanhttp://classic.particracy.net/viewtreat ... atyid=4577https://www.reaenergy.com/rochdale-coop ... principlesWu Han wrote:BACKGROUND
The Kuzacotl Principles are a set of ideals for the operation of co-operatives, set out in 4752 by the Global Co-operative Council in Kuzacotl, Seko and have formed a basis for the principles on which co-operatives around the world continue to operate.
THE KUZACOTL PRINCIPALS OF 4752
With regard to co-operatives:
OPEN, VOLUNTARY MEMBERSHIP. Membership in a cooperative society should be voluntary and available without artificial restriction or any social, political, racial or religious discrimination, to all persons who can make use of its services and are willing to accept the responsibilities of membership.
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL. Cooperative societies are democratic organizations. Their affairs should be administered by persons elected or appointed in a manner agreed to by the members and accountable to them. Members of primary societies should enjoy equal rights of voting (one member, one vote) and participation in decisions affecting their societies. In other than primary societies the administration should be conducted on a democratic basis in a suitable form.
NET SURPLUS BELONGS TO USER-OWNERS. The economic results arising out of the operations of a society belong to the members of that society and should be distributed in such a manner as would avoid one member gaining at the expense of others. This may be done by decision of the members as follows:
a) by provision for development of the business of the cooperative;
b) by provision of common services; or
c) by distribution among the members in proportion to their transactions with the society.
HONEST BUSINESS PRACTICES. Cooperatives should deal openly, honestly, and honourably with their members and the general public.
ULTIMATE AIM IS TO ADVANCE COMMON GOOD. The ultimate aim of all cooperatives should be to aid in the participatory definition and the advancement of the common good.
COOPERATION AMONG COOPERATIVES. All cooperative organizations, in order to best serve the interest of their members and their communities, should actively cooperate in every practical way with other cooperatives at local, national, and international levels.
Source wrote:OPEN, VOLUNTARY MEMBERSHIP. Membership in a cooperative society should be voluntary and available without artificial restriction or any social, political, racial or religious discrimination, to all persons who can make use of its services and are willing to accept the responsibilities of membership.
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL. Cooperative societies are democratic organizations. Their affairs should be administered by persons elected or appointed in a manner agreed to by the members and accountable to them. Members of primary societies should enjoy equal rights of voting (one member, one vote) and participation in decisions affecting their societies. In other than primary societies the administration should be conducted on a democratic basis in a suitable form.
LIMITED RETURN, IF ANY, ON EQUITY CAPITAL. Share capital should only receive a strictly limited rate of interest.
NET SURPLUS BELONGS TO USER-OWNERS. The economic results arising out of the operations of a society belong to the members of that society and should be distributed in such a manner as would avoid one member gaining at the expense of others. This may be done by decision of the members as follows: a) by provision for development of the business of the cooperative; b) by provision of common services; or c) by distribution among the members in proportion to their transactions with the society.
HONEST BUSINESS PRACTICES. Cooperatives should deal openly, honestly, and honorably with their members and the general public.
ULTIMATE AIM IS TO ADVANCE COMMON GOOD. The ultimate aim of all cooperatives should be to aid in the participatory definition and the advancement of the common good.
EDUCATION. All cooperative societies should make provision for the education of their members, officers, and employees and of the general public in the principles and techniques of cooperation, both economic and democratic.
COOPERATION AMONG COOPERATIVES. All cooperative organizations, in order to best serve the interest of their members and their communities, should actively cooperate in every practical way with other cooperatives at local, national, and international levels.
Dorvik | 
Zardugal | 
Ostland (FBC)
