Modern Foreign Affairs Weekly Podcast with Dwight LukewarmerThe following is an extract of an interview between Dwight Lukewarmer, a Baltusian journalist with Modern Foreign Affairs and Joshua Petersen, a Baltusian academic who specialising in modern East Majatran history, has lived for ten years in Badara, Solentia and Kafuristan, is fluent in Majatran and is married to a Solentian national.
The interview can be found online at…Dwight Lukewarmer: Joshua, it is great to have you here today. I am familiar with your works and love your foreign affairs blogs. Majatra, specifically eastern Majatra, is one of those regions that many Baltusians are ignorant of. Currently there is a pretty nasty civil war going on. Can you summarise its origins?
Joshua Petersen: Hey Dwight, thank you for having me on your show, its probably the best current affairs shows in Baltusia at this time and it is a real pleasure to be here today. As you’ll know from my books, modern history in eastern Majatra is my specialism. It is so sad because I love that country and its culture and my wife’s family are all from there.
DL:Gee I hope they’re all ok?
JP: Well sadly Solentians have big extended families, and in a civil war you find family members on both sides and sadly a few cousins have been hurt. But back to your original question. Solentia has been an unstable country for centuries, but generally through the last hundred years she has remained comparatively peaceful. Not by Baltusian standards, but by Solentian standards. But you’ve had this balancing act between a centralising monarchy, and a
decentralising tribal structure that reserves much power for local powerbrokers.
DL:I see.
JP:And it worked. The central government ran the urban areas, key industrial areas and lets say either side of the main roads. And in the rural areas the tribes ran the show, keeping tabs on criminality and providing low levels of welfare through the local Mosques and extended family groups that I referenced earlier. Then, in the mid 5140’s Emir Wakeem ascended to the throne and you have this individual who went to university in Luthori, was an academic, ran a non-government organisation and then when his uncle dies suddenly he is the next in line to the throne. He has an appreciation of the western way of doing business, believes in essential human rights, and wants to create a modern educated and industrialised society. The problem is he runs straight into strong opposition from traditional powerbrokers.
DL:So the mad mullahs?
JP:I wouldn't characterise it like that. We are often quick to dismiss Solentians as a people given over the Ahmadi superstition. The fact is the Solentians are a highly conservative people. They look to their traditions, they want to honour their parents and their tribes, they want to defend their way of life. This gets wrapped up in Ahmadi social codes, but
there are also the Solentiwali social codes which are far older than the Ahmadi faith and if I'm being frank, even more reactionary.
DL:So nationalism?
JP:Well to an extent yes. The Solentians are a people who lost their history. Three thousand years ago you had the
totalitarian ideologies who specifically went out of their way to wipe out Solentian history. Then you had the
Artanianisation of Solentia. For two thousand years the Majatran language, culture and the Ahmadi religion almost completely disappeared from urban areas, clinging on by the skin of its teeth in the great mountains that Solentia is famous for. Then you had
the anarchy of the late 5th millennium. Society collapsed, government went out the window, it was dog eat dog, and all the Solentians had for hope was their ancient way of life and the Ahmadi faith which made an astonishing come back over the last six centuries.
DL:Interesting, so the Solentians rediscovered themselves?
JP:Oh yes totally, and you see it every day. They’re so keen to protect their own dialects of Majatran, we’ve seen an amazing revival of Ahmadism, the mad mullahs you refer to. So they’ve developed this intense respect for Ahmadi clerics, combined with a cultural conservativism and had the development an intense strain of xenophobia towards the outside world. And who can blame them after three thousand years of having your essence crushed by outside forces.
DL:Quite, so back to this Emir Wakeem.
JP:Well yes, I got slightly off topic there thank you. So Emir Wakeem started
implementing progressive reforms. He introduced a
progressive tax code.
DL:I have to interrupt,
so before 5246, the richer you were the less tax you paid?
JP:Yeah that is right! And he
abolished slavery as a punishment, and allowed
woman to work and introduced
state health care and education.
DL:I’ve got to say, I’m liking this Emir Wakeem.
JP:Well quite. And that was part of the problem. His biggest cheerleaders were foreign government and human rights organisations. All the while he was alienating the very groups that installed his grandfather as the first Emir. The landowners, the tribal leaders, the religious clerics. Then you have the government corruption. Emir Wakeem openly favoured big business, and the big ports are basically semi-independent states. So in the space of five years the rapid pace of reforms created a lot of antagonism which erupted into armed
insurrection in Saspain in the winter of 5152.
DL:So, onto the civil war. Who, or what is Jaish-e Ahmad? And I gather they appeared from nowhere?
JP: So Jaish-e Ahmad is the Army of Ahmad, Ahmad being the final prophet who founded Ahmadism. To say they came from nowhere is a misnomer. Yes, the name is new, but you have to understand the situation on the ground. In Saspain there
were three Ahmadist parties, lets say more conservative parties. Each party was in some way linked with local tribes. The same tribes I mentioned earlier that effectively control their local areas.
The same tribes that have their own militias. Essentially Jaish-e Ahmad is an alliance of various local tribal militia’s who all roughly adhere to the same ultra-conservative Ahmadist faith. We could also just as easily say they’re Solentian nationalists who hate the modernising tendencies of Emir Wakeem, and especially hate the fact he
signed a treaty with the Kafuristanis.
DL:Ah, so a sectarian element.
JP:Quite. As most are already aware the two great divisions in Ahmadism are the Israists and the Abadis. Saspain Wilayat, where Jaish-e Ahmad originate from is a largely Israist region, although there are pockets of Abadi followers. However the region abuts right up against the Kafuristani border, and there is a history of violence between these tribes and the Kafuristanis. Although to be honest they’ll fight anyone.
DL:So who leads the Jaish-e Ahmad?
JP:Well lead might not be the right term. The public face is the
well respected preacher Alam Qalat. Alam Qalat is an interesting figure. He is a hardliner, very conservative, but also a great preacher, very eloquent, knows the Book of Bliss inside out. He comes from a long line of itinerant preachers who trace their ancestry back to the original Amadi conquerors. You and I might scoff at the notion of tracing your family line back four thousands years, but it is different in Solentia. As I alluded to earlier Jaish-e Ahmad is an amalgram of three different political parties and their various tribal followers. They were heavily armed before the civil war started, had already been attacking the
Solentian National Defence Forces, and already exercised control over vast rural areas under tribal laws drawn up over a hundred years ago. The fact is once they decided to start their rebellion they were already in control of vast territory with thousands of fighters ready to fight.
DL:And has there been much fighting? I was under the impression that the Solentian National Defence Forces had largely disappeared, with ragtag militias offering the only resistance.
JP:Ha, yet again, there is more nuance. In some areas the SNDF have not resisted. I mean would you fight your brother, your cousin? The guy who goes to your church or your drinking buddy? In Solentia the army recruits locally and deploys those troops locally. These soldiers are trained to fight an external enemy, not their cousins and co-religionists. So when the fighting started many solders simply switched sides or went home. However, in the city of Gora, and in the northeastern mountains of Saspain areas full of Abadi’s, then resistance to Jaish-e Ahmad has been much stronger. Likewise, in Caistra and Nalia, the conflict has barely interrupted local life.
DL:Will the fighting spread?
JP:Well, we’ve already seen it spread to Dostopo and Thepinesne. The recent statements by the
Ahmadi Jurisprudence Party could be crucial. The AJP is supported by many army officers and moderate Ahmadists. If they switch to the Jais-e Ahmad then the Solentian government and Emir Wakeem have had it.
DL:What about neighbouring countries?
JP:Well it varies. Kalopia locked the border down. That’s them done, their government won’t intervene. Istalia is currently led by a left-wing government. They have no grounding in reality so will ignore the issue. Kafuristan has to walk a sensitive line. Their
armed forces are highly capable and will beat Jaish-e Ahmad in any stand up fight. However, the Kafuristanis will be conscious of two things. Firstly, they won’t want to stir up a sectarian conflict which would expose the Abadi community to further attacks. I mean don’t get me wrong Jaish-e Ahmad are already targeting Abadi’s, but a lot of this is symbolic, destroying Abadi Mosques, but not outright massacres. Secondly Kafuristan will not want to get dragged into a long conflict. The mountains of Saspain is no place to fight an insurgency, you’ll never win
DL:Well Joshua, that’s all we have time for today. It has been fascinating and this is a conversation we must pick up again.
JP:Well I’m honoured and it has been a pleasure. I intend to focus more time on exploring the conflict and will be more than happy to chat about this subject again.