Something like this?
This could be supported by a solid internal column, complete with under girders, assuming the building materials are sufficiently lighter above than below.
Think like a bookshelf: It can hold a tremendous amount of weight, a decent way from the wall, if the brackets are solid enough.
You can hide the shelving for the main structure within the structure, and in theory built a significant distance off the base of the supporting column, and if there's symmetry in the building, it seems that all the force would be downward.
It might end up something like this:
In this picture, you see two pyramids, basically forming an hourglass shape. With strong enough building materials, you could shrink the center column so it appears to recede entirely into the building, but for the most part, this is just a conceptual drawing.
The dark Blue are the columns, inside the top building, green is supporting floors, red is support braces and brackets, light would be basically dead space, or areas which would be super structure: Places that would not bear a large weight load. The main structure, which people can use is between the columns.
The brackets on the bottom of the floors would need to be very sturdy to bear the weight of the construction above them, while the braces above the floors could be like girders on a suspension bridge, which people could pass through and the space could be utilized. If everything is balanced and stable, the vast weight would be transferred straight down the central pillar into the ground, while each of the floors individually would only have to support the weight of the segments above. The floor will want to sheer away from the central tower, but that's what the bracers and girders are for, and you can easily hide them.
The more floors you have above, the more weight which would need to be supported, but it could architecturally be done. It is done all the time, actually.
It air traffic control towers:
Space Needles
Casinos
Museums
And in City Halls
You can do it, man.
Here's some more ideas
https://io9.gizmodo.com/these-upside-do ... 1570254716